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Glossary of Home/House Construction Terms

 

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A/C (Abbr) air conditioner or air conditioning.
A/C Circuit (Alternating Current) The flow of current through a conductor in alteranting directrions (first in one direction then in reverse). It is used exclusively in residential and commercial wiring because it provides greater flexibility in voltage selection and simplicity of equipment design. Usually alternates at 50 or 60 HZ.
A/C Condenser The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It removes the heat from the refrigerant and "turns" the gas back into a liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace.
A/C Disconnect The main electrical ON-OFF switch near the power consuming appliance like an air conditioner or hot tub.
Accelerator Any material added to paint, stucco, plaster or mortar which speeds up the natural set.
Acre Measure of land equal to 43,500 square feet.
ADA The Americans with Disabilities Act which gives civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications.
Addendum Written information adding to, clarifying or modifying a documents like a bid contract. An addendum is generally issued by the owner to the contractor during the bidding process and as such, addenda are intended to become part of the contract documents when the construction contract is executed.
Adhesion The property of a coating or sealant to bond to a surface. Cohesion is the bonding of a substance to itself.
Aerator A round screened that mixes water and air for a smoother flow. Usually installed in a faucet
Agent One authorized by a client (principal) to act in his/her stead or behalf and owes the client a "fiduciary duty" (Trust). Example: Construction Manager for fee but classified as an independent contractor for tax purposes. A construction manager for fee does not have any financial responsibility whereas a construction manager at-risk does have financial risk similar to a general contractor.
Aggregate Crushed stone or gravel that comes in a wide range of sizes that is used to as a base for concrete or for surface built-up roofs.
Agreement An arrangement between the parties regarding a commitement or method of action.
Air Filters Adhesive filters made of metal or various fibers are use to remove particles of lint and dust from air. These filters will remove as much as 90% of the dirt if they do not become clogged. The more common filters are of the throwaway or disposable type.
Air space The area between insulation facing and interior of exterior wall coverings. Normally a 1" air gap.
Alligatoring A type of paint degradation. A condition of paint or aged asphalt brought about by the loss of volatile oils and the oxidation caused by solar radiation. "Alligatoring" produces a pattern of cracks resembling an alligator hide and is ultimately the result of the limited tolerance of paint or asphalt to thermal expansion or contraction.
Allowance A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items which have not been selected and specified in the construction contract. For example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.
Alterations A term used to describe partial construction work performed within an existing structure
Alternate Bid Amount stated in the bid to be added or deducted from the base bid amount proposed for alternate materials and/or methods of construction.
Aluminum Wire Conductors made of aluminum for carrying electricity. Aluminum generally is limited to the larger wire sizes like main service lines. Due to its lower conductivity, aluminum wire smaller than No. 12 iare no longer made. Aluminum is lighter and less expensive than copper but not as good a conductor. It also breaks easily and may overhead due to higher resistance.
Ammeter A device to measure the current flowing in a circuit
Amortization A payment plan by which a loan is reduced through monthly payments of principal and interest.
Amps (Amperes) The rate at which electricity flows through a conductor.
Anchor bolts Bolts to secure a wooden sill plate to concrete , or masonry floor or wall.
Anchor Bolts Bolts which fasten columns, girders or other members to concrete or masonry such as bolts used to anchor sills to masonry foundation. Foundation plates or sills shall be bolted to the foundation with not less than 1/2" diameter steel bolts embedded at least 7" into the concrete or reinforced masonry or 15" into unreinforced grouted masonry & spaced not more than & apart.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) Annual cost of credit over the life of a loan, including interest, service charges, points, loan fees, mortgage insurance, and other items.
Application for Payment Contractor's written request for payment for completed portions of the work and, for materials delivered or stored and properly labeled for the respective project.
Apron The trim board that is installed beneath a window sill
Aprroach The area between the sidewalk and the street that leads to a driveway or the transition from the street as you approach a driveway.
Architect A licensed professional who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other structures.
Architect-Engineer An individual or firm offering professional services as both architect and engineer.
Architects Basic Services A recognized series of phases performed by an architect as follows: 1st Schematic Design Phase, 2nd Design Development Phase, 3rd Construction Document Phase, 4th Bidding or Negotiated Phase, 5th Construction Phase.
Architects Rule (Ruler) Three sided ruler with different scales on each side. Also referred to as a "scale."
Architectural Drawing A line drawing showing plan and/or elevation views of the proposed building for the purpose of showing the overall appearance of the building.
Area wells Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a basement window to hold back the earth
As-Built Drawings (also known as Record Drawings) Contract drawings marked up to reflect changes made during the construction process. It is good practice to make As-Built drawings by marking the changes on reproducible drawings such a sepias for the duplication purposes later.
Asphalt A dark brown to black, highly viscous, hydrocarbon produced from the residue left after the distillation of petroleum. Asphalt is used on roofs and highways as a waterproofing agent.
Assessment A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a property.
Assumption Allows a buyer to assume responsibility for an existing loan instead of getting a new loan.
Astragal A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors, against which the other door strikes.
Attic access An opening that is placed in the ceiling of a home to provide access to the attic.
Attic Ventilators In houses, screened openings provided to ventilate an attic space.
Auger Boring tool that uses a screw thread to bull a bit into a hole.
Back Charge Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party that, in accordance with the agreement, should have been performed or incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill back charges to general contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to subcontractors. Examples of back charges include charges for cleanup work or to repair something damaged by another subcontractor, such as a tub chip or broken window.
Back Nailing The practice of nailing roofing felts to the deck under the overlap, in addition to hot mopping, to prevent slippage of felts.
Backfill The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a basement /crawl space foundationwall.
Backflow The flow of liquids through irrigation into the pipes of a potable or drinking water supply from any source which is opposite to the intended direction of flow. Backflow may contaminate source water.
Backflow Preventer A device or means to prevent backflow into the potable water supply.
Backhoe Self powered excavation equipment that digs by pulling a boom-mounted bucket towards itself. Used to dig holes below grade. It is used to dig basements and/or footings and to install drainage or sewer systems.
Backout Work the framing contractor does after the mechanical subcontractors (Heating-Plumbing-Electrical) finish their phase of work at the Rough (before insulation) stage to get the home ready for a municipal frame inspection. Generally, the framing contractor repairs anything disturbed by others and completes all framing necessary to pass a Rough Frame Inspection.
Ballast A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
Balloon Payment A loan that has a series of monthly payments with the remaining balance due in a large lump sum payment at the end.
Balloon framed wall Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need for a gable end truss.
Balusters Vertical members in a railing used between a top rail and bottom rail or the stair treads. Sometimes referred to as 'pickets' or 'spindles'.
Balustrade The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway.
Barge board A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of the gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board.
Barometer Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Barrel Roof A roof design based on an arched.
Base or baseboard A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to the floor.
Basement window inserts The window frame and glass unit that is installed in the window buck.
Bat A half-brick
Batt A section of fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation measuring 15 or 23 inches wide by four to eight feet long and various thickness'. Sometimes "faced" (meaning to have a paper covering on one side) or "unfaced" (without paper).
Batt Insulation Strips of insulation ? usually fiberglass, that fit between studs or other framing. Usually about 8 feet long.
Batten Narrow strips of wood used to cover joints or as decorative vertical members over plywood or wide boards.
Batten Plate A formed piece of metal designed to cover the joint between two lengths of metal edge.
Bay window Any window space projecting outward from the walls of a building, either square or polygonal in plan.
Beam A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder".
Bearing header A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a door or window).
Bearing partition A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Bearing point A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation
Bearing wall A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Bed Or Bedding In glazing, the bead compound or sealant applied between a lite of glass or panel and the stationary stop or sight bar of the sash or frame. It is usually the first bead of compound or sealant to be applied when setting glass or panels.
Bedrock A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.
Bell Reducer In plumbing, a fitting shaped like a bell which has one opening of a smaller diameter used to reduce the size of the pipe in the line, and the opposite opening of larger diameter.
Bid A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with specifications for a project, to do all or a phase of the work at a certain price in accordance with the terms and conditions stated in the offer.
Bid 1. An offer or proposal of a price
Bid Bond A written form of security executed by the bidder as principal and by a surety for the purpose of guaranteeing that the bidder will sign the contract, if awarded the contract, for the stated bid amount.
Bid Date/Time The due date and time set by the owner, architect or engineer for receiving bids.
Bid Form A standard written form furnished to all bidders for the purpose of obtaining the requested information and required signatures from the authorized bidding representatives.
Bid Opening The actual process of opening and tabulating bids submitted within the prescribed bid date/time and conforming with the bid procedures. A Bid Opening can be open (where the bidders are permitted to attend) or closed (where the bidders are not permitted to attend). (see Bid Date/Time, Open Bid, Closed Bid)
Bid Price The stipulated sum stated in the bidder?s bid.
Bid Shopper A buyer or client who seeks to play one proposed supplier or subcontractor against the other for the purpose of reducing a purchase price.
Bid shopping A practice by which contractors, both before and after their bids are submitted, attempt to obtain prices from potential subcontractors and material suppliers that are lower than the contractors' original estimates on which their bids are based, or after a contract is awarded, seek to induce subcontractors to reduce the subcontract price included in the bid.
Bid Tabulation A summary sheet listing all bid prices for the purpose of analysing the bid results. Bid tabulations include the required items of the invitation to bid and usually include bid amount, completion time, addendas included, contract exclusions, bonding rate, etc. Often times, the apparent low bidder is not the low bidder. (see Bid Form )
Bid Time (see Bid Date/Time)  
Bidding Getting prices from various contractors and/or subcontractors.
Bidding Documents The published advertisement or written invitation to bid , instructions to bidders, the bid form and the proposed contract documents including any acknowledged addenda issued prior to receipt of bids.
Bidding Period The calendar period allowed from issuance of bidding requirements and contract documents to the prescribed bid date/time. ( see Bid Date/Time)
Bidding requirements The procedures and conditions for the submission of bids. The requirements are included ion documents, such as the notice to bidders, advertisements for bids, instructions to bidders, invitations to bid, and sample bid forms.
Bidding Requirements The written minimum acceptable requirements set forth by the owner to the contractor during bidding process. The owner usually reserves the right to reject a bid if the Bidding Requirements are not met. (see Bidding Documents)
Bifold door Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Binder A receipt for a deposit to secure the right to purchase a home at an agreed terms by a buyer and seller.
Bipass doors Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet doors.
Bite The dimension by which the framing system overlaps the edge of the glazing infill.
Bitumen Any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons occurring naturally or obtained through the distillation of coal or petroleum. (See Coat Tar Pitch and Asphalt)
Blankets Fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation that comes in long rolls 15 or 23 inches wide.
Blister An enclosed raised spot evident on the surface of a building. They are mainly caused by the expansion of trapped air, water vapor, moisture or other gases.
Block out To install a box or barrier within a foundation wall to prevent the concrete from entering an area. For example, foundation walls are sometimes "blocked" in order for mechanical pipes to pass through the wall, to install a crawl space door, and to depress the concrete at a garage door location.
Blocked (door blocking) Wood shims used between the door frame and the vertical structural wall framing members.
Blocked (rafters) Short "2 by 4's" used to keep rafters from twisting, and installed at the ends and at mid span.
Blocking Small wood pieces to brace framing members or to provide a nailing base for gypsum board or paneling.
Blocking In carpentry, the process of fastening together two pieces of board by gluing blocks of wood in the interior angle.
Blow insulation Fiber insulation in loose form and used to insulate attics and existing walls where framing members are not exposed.
Blue Prints Architectural plans for a building or construction project, which are likely to include floor plans, footing and foundation plans, elevations, plot plans, and various schedules and or details.
Blue stake Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility company (telephone, gas, electric, cable TV, sewer and water, etc) comes to the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or installs little flags to show where their service is located underground.
Board Foot In carpentry, the equivalent of a board 1 foot square and 1 inch thick.
Bond Breaker A substance or a tape applied between two adjoining materials to prevent adhesion between them.
Bonding Company A properly licensed firm or corporation willing to execute a surety bond, or bonds, payable to the owner, securing the performance on a contract either in whole or in part; or securing payment for labor and materials.
Boom A truck used to hoist heavy material up and into place. Used to put trusses on a home or to set a heavy beam into place.
Bottom chord The lower or bottom horizontal member of a truss.
Bottom plate The "2 by 4's or 6's" that lay on the subfloor upon which the vertical studs are installed. Also called the 'sole plate'.
Bow (And Warp) A curve, bend or other deviation from flatness in glass.
Bracing Ties and rods used for supporting and strengthening various partS of a building used for lateral stability for columns and beams.
Brake Metal Sheet metal that has been bent to the desired configuration.
Breaker panel The electrical box that distributes electric power entering the home to each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.
Brick ledge Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest.
Brick lintel The metal angle iron that brick rests on, especially above a window, door, or other opening.
Brick molding Trim used around an exterior windews and door jamb as a transition to brick or molding.
Brick tie A small, corrugated metal strip @ 1" X 6"- 8" long nailed to wall sheeting or studs. They are inserted into the grout mortar joint of the veneer brick, and holds the veneer wall to the sheeted wall behind it.
Brick veneer A vertical facing of brick laid against and fastened to sheathing of a framed wall or tile wall construction.
Bridging Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
Buck Often used in reference to rough frame opening members. Door bucks used in reference to metal door frame. See Window Bucks
Builder's Risk Insurance Insurance coverage on a construction project during construction, including extended coverage that may be added for the contract for the customer's protections.
Building Brick Brick for building purposes not especially treated for texture or color, formerly called "common brick." It is stronger than face brick.
Building Code The legal requirements set up by the prevailing various governing agencies covering the minimum acceptable requirements for all types of construction. (See Codes)
Building codes Community ordinances governing the manner in which a home may be constructed or modified.
Building Inspector/Official A qualified government representative authorized to inspect construction for compliance with applicable building codes, regulations and ordinances. Courts have ruled that building inspections are exempt from errors and omissions liabilities.
Building insurance Insurance covering the structure of the building.
Building paper A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally comes in long rolls.
Building Permit A written document issued by the appropriate governmental authority permitting construction to begin on a specific project in accordance with drawings and specifications approved by the governmental authority.
Building Process A term used to express every step of a construction project from it?s conception to final acceptance and occupancy.
Bull nose (drywall) Rounded drywall corners.
Bullfloat A tool used to finish and flatten a slab. After screeding, the first stage in the final finish of concrete, smoothes and levels hills and voids left after screeding. Sometimes substituted for darbying. A large flat or tool usually of wood, aluminum or magnesium with a handle.
Bundle A package of shingles. Normally, there are 3 bundles per square and 27 shingles per bundle.
Butt edge The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
Butt hinge The most common type. One leaf attaches to the door's edge, the other to its jamb.
Butt joint The junction where the ends of two timbers meet, and also where sheets of drywall meet on the 4 foot edge. To place materials end-to-end or end-to-edge without overlapping.
Butterfly Roof A roof assembly which pitches sharply from either side toward the center.
Buy down A prepayment (usually paid by a builder or developer) used to reduce monthly payments on a mortgage.
By fold door Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
C/D Circuit A circuit where electricity flows in one direction only, at a constant rate.
Caisson A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more "sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole and concrete is poured into the caisson hole
Calcium Chloride A chemical used to speed up curing of concrete during damp conditions.
Canopy An overhanging roof.
Cant Strip A beveled support used at the intersection of the roof deck with vertical surfaces so that bends in the roofing membrane to form base flashings can be made without breaking the felts.
Cantilever A projecting beam or other structure supported only at one end.
Cantilevered void Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions. This void is "trapezoid" shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4" respectively.
Cap The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice, molding, or fireplace.
Cap flashing The portion of the flashing attached to a vertical surface to prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Capital The principal part of a loan, i.e. the original amount borrowed.
Capital and interest A repayment loan and the most conventional form of home loan. The borrower pays an amount each month to cover the amount borrowed (or capital or principal) plus the interest charged on capital.
Cap rate The mortgage interest rate will not exceed a specified value during a certain period of time, but it may fluctuate up and down below that level.
Carbide Bit Tool used to drill holes in brick or block.
Casement Frames of wood or metal enclosing part (or all) of a window sash. May be opened by means of hinges affixed to the vertical edges.
Casement Window A window with hinges on one of the vertical sides and swings open like a normal door
Casing Wood trim molding installed around a door or window opening.
Caulk The application of sealant to a joint, crack or crevice. (n) A compound used for sealing that has minimum joint movement capability; sometimes called low performance sealant.
Caulking (1) A flexible material used to seal a gap between two surfaces e.g. between pieces of siding or the corners in tub walls. (2) To fill a joint with mastic or asphalt plastic cement to prevent leaks.
CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) A pesticide that is forced into wood under high pressure to protect it from termites, other wood boring insects, and decay caused by fungus
Ceiling joist One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
Cellulose Insulation Ground up newspaper that is treated with a fire retardant.
Celotex ? Black fibrous board that is used as exterior sheething.
Cement The gray powder that is the "glue" in concrete. Portland cement. Also, any adhesive.
Ceramic tile A clay tile used to finish a floor or wall. Generally used in bathtub and shower enclosures and on counter tops.
Certificate Of Occupancy A document stating that a building is approved for occupancy. The building authority issues the Certificate of Occupancy.
CFM (cubic feet per minute) Measure of volume, A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can move. The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can pass through an opening in one minute.
Chair rail Interior trim material installed about 3-4 feet up the wall, horizontally. Most frequently installed in a dining room.
Chalk line A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment purposes.
Change Order A written document between the owner and the contractor signed by the owner and the contractor authorizing a change in the work or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time. A change order may be signed by the architect or engineer, provided they have written authority from the owner for such procedure and that a copy of such written authority is furnished to the contractor upon request. The contract sum and the contract time may be changed only by change order. A change order may be in the form of additional compensation or time; or less compensation or time known as a Deduction (from the contract) the amount deducted from the contract sum by change order.
Change Order Proposal (See Change order) A change order proposal is the written document before it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner. A change order proposal can be issued by either the contractor or the owner. The change order proposal becomes a change order only after it has been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner.
Change Order Request A written document issued by the owner requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time; generally issued by the architect or owners representative.
Chase A framed enclosed space or channel in a wall, or through a ceiling for something to pass through.
Chemical Injection Grouting Leak repair technique usually used below grade in cracks and joints in concrete walls and floors that involves injection of sealant (usually urethane) that reacts with water to form a seal.
Chink To install small pieces of insulation around all exterior door and window frames, wall corners, and small gaps in the exterior wall.
Chip Board A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing. Also called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or wafer board.
Circuit The path of electrical flow from a power source through an outlet and back to ground.
Circuit Breaker A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside the electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1) shut of the power to portions or all of the house and (2) to limit the amount of power flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits require a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20 amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads e.g. a hot water heater may be designed for a 30 amp load and would therefore need a 30 amp fuse or breaker.
Class "A" Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter's Laboratories on roofing. The building codes in some areas require this type of roofing for fire safety.
Class "C" Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories for roofing materials.
Clean out An opening providing access to a drain line. Closed with a threaded plug.
Cleat A wedge-shaped piece (usually of metal) which serves as a support or check. A strip fastened across something to give strength or hold something in position.
Clip ties Sharp, cut metal wires that protrude out of a concrete foundation wall (that at one time held the foundation form panels in place).
Closed Bid/Estimate A service offered by constructionplace.com where only invited bidders or estimators are given access to the project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information.stimator is given access to project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for those seeking bids/estimates from a prequalified and selected list of professionals or service. For security and easy access, the RFP poster receives an e-mail showing the list of bidders/estimators and links to View the RFP Details and View any Bids as they are received.This e-mail gives the poster the ability to file and track their respective RFP's using their own e-mail filing system. (see Open Bid/Estimate)
CO An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy". This certificate is issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy and live within the home. It is issued only after the local municipality has made all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
Coating A layer of any liquid product spread over a surface for protection.
Codes Prevailing regulations, ordinances or statutory requirements set forth by governmental agencies associated with building construction practices and owner occupancy, adopted and administered for the protection of public health, life safety and welfare. (see Building Code)
Cold air return The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the furnace for re-heating.
Cold Applied Products that can be applied without heating. These are in contrast to products which need to be heated to be applied.
Cold Patch In roofing, a roof repair done with cold applied material.
Collar In roofing, a conical metal cap flashing used in conjunction with vent pipes or stacks usually located several inches above the plane of the roof, for the purpose of shedding water away from the base of the vent.
Collar beam Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
Collar Beam In carpentry, a tie that keeps the roof from spreading. Connects similar rafters on opposite sides of roof.
Column A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
Combustion air The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are brought in: One high and One low.
Combustion chamber The part of a boiler, furnace or woodstove where the burn occurs; normally lined with firebrick or molded or sprayed insulation.
Compatible Two or more substances which can be mixed or blended without separating, reacting, or affecting either material adversely.
Component Any one part of an assembly associated with construction.
Composite Board An insulation board which has two different insulation types laminated together in 2 or 3 layers.
Compound A chemical formulation of ingredients used to produce a caulking, elastomeric joint sealant, etc.
Compression Gasket A gasket designed to function under compression.
Compression Set The permanent deformation of a material after removal of the compressive stress.
Compression web A member of a truss system which connects the bottom and top chords and which provides downward support.
Compressor A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas. A compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps and air conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits outside and has a large fan (to remove heat).
Concrete The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to make sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening (re-mesh).
Concrete block A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8" x 8" x 16" in size.
Concrete board A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a tile backing material.
Condensation Beads or drops of water (and frequently frost in extremely cold weather) that accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a building. Use of louvers or attic ventilators will reduce moisture condensation in attics. A vapor barrier under the gypsum lath or dry wall on exposed walls will reduce condensation.
Condensation The appearance of moisture (water vapor) on the surface of an object caused by warm moist air coming into contact with a colder object.
Condensing unit The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.
Conditions, Convenants, and Restrictions (CC and Rs) The standards that define how a property may be used and the protections the developer makes for the benefit of all owners in a subdivision.
Conduction The flow of heat from one part of a substance to another part. A piece of iron with one end placed in a fire will soon become warm from end to end, from the transfer of heat by the actual collision of the air molecules.
Conductivity The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material.
Conduit A tube for protecting electric wires.
Conduit, electrical A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
Construct To assemble and combine construction materials and methods to make a structure.
Construction The act or process of constructing.
Construction Contract A legal document which specifies the what, when, where, who and how much a construction project will require
Construction Cost 1. The direct contractor costs for labor, material, equipment, and services; contractors overhead and profit; and other direct construction costs. Construction cost does not include the compensation paid to the architect and engineer and consultants, the cost of the land, rights-of-way or other costs which are defined in the contract documents as being the responsibility of the owner. (see Soft Costs)
Construction Document Review The owners review of the borrowers construction documents (plans and specifications), list of materials, and cost breakdowns for the purpose of confirming that these documents and estimates are feasible and are in accordance with the proposed loan or project appraisal.
Construction Documents All drawings, specifications and addenda associated with a specific construction project.
Construction Documents A term used to represent all drawings, specifications, addenda, other pertinent construction information associated with the construction of a specific project.
Construction Documents Phase The third phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares working drawings, specifications and bidding information. Depending on the architects scope of services the architect may assists the owner in the preparation of bidding forms, the conditions of the contract and the form of agreement between the owner and contractor.
Construction drywall A type of construction in which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.
Construction Loan A loan provided by a lending institution specifically to construct or renovate a building.
Construction Management Organizing and directing men, materials, and equipment to accomplish the purpose of the designer.
Construction Management Contract A written agreement wherein responsibilities for coordination and accomplishment of overall project planning, design and construction are given to a construction management firm. The building team generally consists of the owner, contractor and designer or architect.
Construction Phase The fifth and final phase of the architect's basics services, which includes the architect's general administration of the construction contract(s).
Construction, frame A type of construction in which the structural components are wood or depend upon a wood frame for support.
Consultant One hired by the owner or client to give professional advise.
Continuity tester A device that tells whether a circuit is capable of carrying electricity.
Contract An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law
Contract Administration The contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and engineer during the construction phase of a specific project.
Contract Bond A written form of security from a surety company, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing complete execution of the contract and all supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and for the payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of the project.
Contract Documents A term used to represent all executed agreements between the owner and contractor; any general, supplementary or other contract conditions; the drawings and specifications; all addenda issued prior to execution of the contract; and any other items specifically stipulated as being included in the contract documents.
Contract Over-run (under-run) The difference between the original contract price and the final completed cost including all adjustments by approved change order.
Contract Payment Bond A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to all persons providing labor, materials, equipment, or services in accordance with the contract.
Contract Performance Bond A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor, guaranteeing the completion of the work in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Contract Period The elapsed number of working days or calendar days from the specified date of commencing work to the specified date of completion, as specified in the contract.
Contract Sum The total agreeable amount payable by the owner to the contractor for the performance of the work under the contract documents. (see Change Order)
Contract Time The time period set forth established in the contract documents for completing a specific project; usually stated in working days or calendar days. The contract time can only be adjusted by valid time extensions through change order.
Contracting Officer An official representative of the owner with specific authority to act in his behalf in connection with a specific project.
Contractor A company licensed to perform certain types of construction activities. In most states, the generals contractor's license and some specialty contractor's licenses don't require of compliance with bonding, workmen's compensation and similar regulations. Some of the specialty contractor licenses involve extensive training, testing and/or insurance requirements. There are various types of contractors:
Contractor's Option A written provision in the contract documents giving the contractor the option of selecting certain specified materials, methods or systems without changing in the contract sum.
Contractor's Qualification Statement A written statement of the Contractor's experience and qualifications submitted to the Owner during the contractor selection process. The American Institute of Architects publishes a standard Contractor's Qualification Statement form for this purpose.
Contractual Liability The liability assumed by a party under a contract.
Control joint Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control" where the concrete should crack
Convection A method of transferring heat by the actual movement of heated molecules, usually by a freestanding unit such as a furnace.
Cooling load The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside temperature.
Cooling Tower A large device mounted on roofs, consisting of many baffles over which water is pumped in order to reduce its temperature.
Coped Removing the top and bottom flange of the end(s) of a metal I-beam. This is done to permit it to fit within, and bolted to, the web of another I-beam in a "T" arrangement
Coped joint Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Coping A construction unit placed at the top of the parapet wall to serve as a cover for the wall.
Copper Pipe Types Type K has the heaviest or thickest wall and is generally used underground. It has a green stripe. (Kelly Green). Type L has a medium wall thickness and is most commonly used for water service and for general interior water piping. It has a blue stripe (Lavender Blue). Type M has a thin wall and many codes permit its use in general water piping installation. It has a red stripe. (Mad Red)
Corbel The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a mantel or horizontal shelf.
Core A small section cut from any material to show internal composition.
Corner bead A strip of formed sheet metal placed on outside corners of drywall before applying drywall 'mud'.
Corner boards Used as trim for the external corners of a house or other frame structure against which the ends of the siding are finished.
Corner braces Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
Cornice A horizontal projecting course on the exterior of a building, usually at the base of the parapet.
Corrosion The deterioration of metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting from exposure to weathering, moisture, chemicals or other agents or media.
Corrugated Folded or shaped into parallel ridges or furrows so as to form a symmetrically wavy surface.
Cost Breakdown A breakdowns of all the anticipated costs on a construction or
Cost Codes A numbering system given to specific kinds of work for the purpose of organizing the cost control process of a specific project.
Cost of Work All costs incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the work required by the plans and specifications for a specific project.
Cost Plus Contract (see Cost Plus Fee Agreement)  
Cost Plus Fee Agreement (Cost-Plus) A written agreement with the owner under which the contractor or the architect and engineer is reimbursed for his/her direct and indirect costs and, in addition, is paid a fee for his services. The fee is usually stated as a stipulated sum or as a percentage of cost.
Counter flashing A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.
Counterfort A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall
Course A row of shingles or roll roofing running the length of the roof. Parallel layers of building materials such as bricks, or siding laid up horizontally.
Course A single layer of brick or stone or other building material.
Cove molding A molding with a concave face used as trim or to finish interior corners.
Covenants Rules usually developed by a builder or developer regarding the physical appearance of buildings in a particular geographic area. Typical covenants address building height, appropriate fencing and landscaping, and the type of exterior material (stucco, brick, stone, siding, etc) that may be used.
Crawl Space An open area between the floor of a building and the ground.
Credit rating A report ordered by a lender from a credit agency to determine a borrower's credit habits.
Cricket A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope of the roof or valley. A saddle shaped, peaked construction connecting a sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage away from the chimney joint.
Cripple Short vertical "2 by 4's or 6's" frame lumber installed above a window or door.
Critical Path The set of activities that must be completed on time for the project completion date to be met. Activities on the critical path have no slack time.
Critical Path Method (C.P.M.) A planning scheduling and control line and symbol diagram drawn to show the respective tasks and activities involved in constructing a specific project.
Cross bridging Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near the center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.
Cross Tee Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge the spaces between the main beams.
Crown molding A molding used on cornice or wherever an interior angle is to be covered, especially at the roof and wall corner.
CSI Construction Specification Institute
CSI Master Format The CSI Master Format is a system of numbers and titles for organizing construction information into a regular, standard order or sequence. By establishing a master list of titles and numbers Master Format promotes standardization and thereby facilitates the retrieval of information and improves construction communication. It provides a uniform system for organizing information in project manuals, for organizing project cost data, and for filing product information and other technical data.
Culvert Round, corrugated drain pipe (normally 15" or 18" in diameter) that is installed beneath a driveway and parallel to and near the street.
Cupola A small monitor or dome at the peak of a pitched roof.
Cupping A type of warping that causes boards to curl up at their edges.
Curb The short elevation of an exterior wall above the deck of a roof. Normally a 2 by 6 box (on the roof) on which a skylight is attached.
Curb A short wall or masonry built above the level of the roof that provides a means of flashing the deck equipment.
Curb stop Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5" in diameter) that is placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long pole with a special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Current Date Line A vertical line on the chart indicating the current date.
Cut Off A piece of roofing membrane consisting of one or more narrow plies of felt usually moped in hot to seal the edge of insulation at the end of a day's work.
Cutback In roofing, basic asphalt or tar which has been "cut back" with solvents and oils so that the material become fluid.
Dado A groove cut into a board or panel intended to receive the edge of a connecting board or panel.
Daily Construction Report A written document and record that has two main purposes:
Damper A metal "door" placed within the fireplace chimney. Normally closed when the fireplace is not in use.
Dampproofing A process used on concrete, masonry or stone surfaces to repel water, the main purpose of which is to prevent the coated surface from absorbing rain water while still permitting moisture vapor to escape from the structure. (Moisture vapor readily penetrates coatings of this type.) "Dampproofing" generally applies to surfaces above grade; "waterproofing" generally applies to surfaces below grade.
Darby A flat tool used to smooth concrete flatwork immediately after screeding. See Bullfloating
Date of Agreement 1. Usually on the front page of the agreement
Date of Commencement of the Work The date established in a written notice to proceed from the owner to the contractor.
Date of Substantial Completion The date certified by the architect when the work or a designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so the owner may occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended.
Daylight The end of a pipe (the terminal end) that is not attached to anything.
Dead bolt An exterior security lock installed on exterior entry doors that can be activated only with a key or thumb-turn. Unlike a latch, which has a beveled tongue, dead bolts have square ends.
Dead light The fixed, non-operable window section of a window unit.
Dead Load The constant, design weight (of the roof) and any permanent fixtures attached above or below.
Deck, decked To install the plywood or wafer board sheeting on the floor joists, rafters, or trusses.
Dedicated circuit An electrical circuit that serves only one appliance (ie, dishwasher) or a series of electric heaters or smoke detectors.
Default Breach of a mortgage contract (not making the required payments).
Deflect To bend or deform under weight.
Delamination Separation of the plies in a panel due to failure of the adhesive. Usually caused by excessive moisture.
Demising Walls The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors' and from the public corridor.
Demolition permit Authorization to tear down and remove an existing structure.
Design A graphical representation of a concept consisting of plan views, interior and exterior elevations, sections, and other drawings and details to depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure.
Design-Build Construction When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide Design and Construction services for the entire construction project.
Design-Construct Contract A written agreement between and contractor and owner wherein the contractor agrees to provide both design and construction services.
Design-Development Phase The second phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect prepares drawings and other presentation documents to fix and describe the size and character of the entire project as to architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical systems, materials and other essentials as may be appropriate; and prepares a statement of probable construction cost.
Dew Point The critical temperature at which vapor condenses from the atmosphere and forms water.
Direct Cost (or expense) All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task. Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and Construction Costs are synonymous. (see Construction Costs and Hard Costs)
Disconnect A large (generally 20 Amp) electrical ON-OFF switch.
Discount rate A mortgage interest rate that is lower than the current rate for a certain period of time, e.g. 2.00% below variable rate for 2 years.
Door operator An automatic garage door opener.
Door stop The wooden style that the door slab will rest upon when it's in a closed position.
Doorjamb, interior The surrounding case into which and out of which a door closes and opens. It consists of two upright pieces, called side jambs, and a horizontal head jamb. These 3 jambs have the "door stop" installed on them.
Dormer An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
Double glass Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a sealed air space between. Also known as Insulating Glass.
Double hung window A window with two vertically sliding sashes, both of which can move up and down.
Double Plate when two layers of 2 x 4's are placed on top of studs in framing a wall.
Double Strength In float glass, approximately 1/8" (3 mm.) thick.
Double Tee Refers usually to a precast roof deck panel poured with two fins in its underside to impart flexural rigidity.
Down payment The difference between the sales price and the mortgage amount. A downpayment is usually paid at closing.
Downspout The metal pipe used to drain water from a roof.
Drain tile A perforated, corrugated plastic pipe laid at the bottom of the foundation wall and used to drain excess water away from the foundation. It prevents ground water from seeping through the foundation wall. Sometimes called perimeter drain.
Draw The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment schedule.
Drawing Detail A top view drawing of a building or roof showing the roof perimeter and indicating the projections and roof mounted equipment, drawn to scale.
Drawing Outline A top view drawing of a building or roof showing only the perimeter drawn to scale.
Drip A member of a cornice or other horizontal exterior finish course that has a projection beyond the other parts for throwing off water.(or) A groove in the underside of a sill or drip cap to cause water to drop off on the outer edge instead of drawing back and running down the face of the building.
Drip cap A molding or metal flashing placed on the exterior topside of a door or window frame to cause water to drip beyond the outside of the frame.
Drip Edge A device designed to prevent water from running back or under an overhang.
Drippage Bitumen material that drips through roof deck joints, or over the edge of a roof deck.
Dry Glazing Also called compression glazing, a term used to describe various means of sealing monolithic and insulating glass in the supporting framing system with synthetic rubber and other elastomeric gasket materials.
Dry In To make a building waterproof.
Dry Seal Accomplishment of weather seal between glass and sash by use of strips or gaskets of Neoprene, EPDM, silicone or other flexible material. A dry seal may not be completely watertight.
Dry Sheet A ply mechanically attached to wood or gypsum decks to prevent asphalt or pitch from penetrating the deck and leaking into the building below.
Drywall Sheetrock (gypsum board) that covers the framing and taping, coating, and finishing to make the interior walls and ceilings of a building. Drywall is also used as a verb to refer to installation process.
Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard) Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas".
Drywall Hammer A special hammer used for nailing up gypsum board. It is also known as an ax or hatchet. Edges should be smooth and the corners rounded off. The head has a convex round & checkered head.
Duct A cylindrical or rectangular "tube" used to move air either from exhaust or intake. The installation is referred to as "duct work".
Ducts The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home. Also a tunnel made of galvanized metal or rigid fiberglass, which carries air from the heater or ventilation opening to the rooms in a building.
Dumbwaiter An elevator with a maximum footage of not more than 9 sq. ft. floor area; not more than 4" headroom and a maximum capacity of 500 lbs. used for carrying materials only.
Dura board, dura rock A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks. Sometimes called Wonder board
Duration The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other non-working days.
Durometer The measurement of hardness of a material. A gauge to measure the hardness of an elastomeric material.
DWV (drain-waste-vent) The section of a plumbing system that carries water and sewer gases out of a home.
Earnest Money A sum paid to the seller to show that a potential purchaser is serious about buying.
Earthquake Strap A metal strap used to secure gas hot water heaters to the framing or foundation of a house. Intended to reduce the chances of having the water heater fall over in an earthquake and causing a gas leak.
Easement A formal contract which allows a party to use another party's property for a specific purpose. e.g. A sewer easement might allow one party to run a sewer line through a neighbors property.
Eave The part of a roof which projects out from the side wall, or the lower edge of the part of a roof that overhangs a wall.
Edge Clearance Nominal spacing between the edge of the glass product and the bottom of the glazing pocket (channel).
Edge Metal A term relating to brake or extruded metal around the perimeter of a roof.
EER Energy Efficiency Ratio; is figured by dividing BTU hours by watts.
Efflorescence The process by which water leeches soluble salts out of concrete or mortar and deposits them on the surface. Also used as the name for these deposits.
Egress A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every bedroom and basement. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size required
Elbow (ell) A plumbing or electrical fitting that lets you change directions in runs of pipe or conduit.
Electric lateral The trench or area in the yard where the electric service line (from a transformer or pedestal) is located, or the work of installing the electric service to a home.
Electric resistance coils Metal wires that heat up when electric current passes through them and are used in baseboard heaters and electric water heaters.
Electrical entrance package The entry point of the electrical power including: (1) the 'strike' or location where the overhead or underground electrical lines connect to the house, (2) The meter which measures how much power is used and (3) The 'panel' or 'circuit breaker box ' (or 'fuse box') where the power can be shut off and where overload devices such a fuses or circuit breakers and located.
Electrical permit A separate permit required for most electrical work.
Electrical Rough Work performed by the Electrical Contractor after the plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are installed (before insulation).
Electrical Trim Work performed by the electrical contractor when the house is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs, switches, light fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath ventilation fans, wires the furnace, and "makes up" the electric house panel. The electrician does all work necessary to get the home ready for and to pass the municipal electrical final inspection
Electrolytic Coupling A fitting required to join copper to galvanized pipe and gasketed to prevent galvanic action. Connecting pipes of different materials may result in electrolysis.
Elevation A side of a building.
Elevation sheet The page on the blue prints that depicts the house or room as if a vertical plane were passed through the structure.
Emulsion In roofing, a coating consisting of asphalt and fillers suspended in water.
End Lap The amount or location of overlap at the end of a roll of roofing felts in the
EPDM Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer. A single ply membrane used as a water seal.
Equity The "valuation" that you own in your home, i.e. the property value less the mortgage loan outstanding.
Escrow The handling of funds or documents by a third party on behalf of the buyer and/or seller.
Escutcheon An ornamental plate that fits around a pipe extending through a wall or floor to hide the cut out hole
Estimate The amount of labor, materials, and other costs that a contractor anticipates for a project as summarized in the contractor's bid proposal for the project.
Estimating A process of calculating the amount of material, labor and equipment required for a given project necessary to complete the work as specified.
Evaporator coil The part of a cooling system that absorbs heat from air in your home. Also see condensing unit.
Excavate Dig the basement and or all areas that will need footings/foundations below ground.
Expansion Coefficient The amount that a specific material will vary in any one dimension with a change of temperature.
Expansion Joint A device used to permit a structure to expand or contract without breakage.
Expansive soils Earth that swells and contracts depending on the amount of water that is present. ("Betonite" is an expansive soil).
Exposed aggregate finish A method of finishing concrete which washes the cement/sand mixture off the top layer of the aggregate - usually gravel. Often used in driveways, patios and other exterior surfaces.
Extras Additional work requested of a contractor, not included in the original plan, which will be billed separately and will not alter the original contract amount, but increase the cost of building the home.
Extrusion An item formed by forcing a base metal (frequently aluminum) or plastic, at a malleable temperature, through a die to achieve a desired shape.
Eyebrow A flat, normally concrete, projection which protrudes horizontally from a building wall; Eyebrows are generally located above windows.
Façade The front of a building. Frequently, in architectural terms an artificial or decorative effort.
Face Brick Brick made especially for exterior use with special consideration of color, texture and size, and used as a facing on a building.
Face nail To install nails into the vertical face of a bearing header or beam.
Faced concrete To finish the front and all vertical sides of a concrete porch, step(s), or patio. Normally the "face" is broom finished.
Facility or Site Analysis A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for functional or physical deterioration; prepare optional Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase market value; AND/OR prepare a Reserve Study over five (5) years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.(See Site Analysis)
Facing brick The brick used and exposed on the outside of a wall. Usually these have a finished texture.
Factory Mutual Fm A major insurance agency who has established stringent guidelines for maximum construction integrity as it relates to fire and environmental hazards. Their specifications have become industry standards.
Fascia Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the eaves and along gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia.
Fast Track Construction (Fast Tracking) A method of construction management which involves a continuous design-construction operation. When a prime or main contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans and specifications are complete. (See Design-Build Construction)
Fasteners A general term covering a wide variety of screws and nails which may be used for mechanically securing various components of a building.
Felt A very general term used to describe composition of roofing ply sheets, consisting of a mat of organic or inorganic fibers unsaturated, impregnated with asphalt or coal tar pitch, or impregnated and coated with asphalt.
Female Any part, such as a nut or fitting, into which another (male) part can be inserted. Internal threads are female.
Ferrous Refers to objects made of or partially made of iron, such as ferrous pipe.
Ferrule Metal tubes used to keep roof gutters "open". Long nails (ferrule spikes) are driven through these tubes and hold the gutters in place along the fascia of the home.
FHA strap Metal straps that are used to repair a bearing wall "cut-out", and to "tie together" wall corners, splices, and bearing headers. Also, they are used to hang stairs and landings to bearing headers.
Field measure To take measurements (cabinets, countertops, stairs, shower doors, etc.) in the home itself instead of using the blueprints.
Field Order A written order effecting a minor change or clarification in the work not involving an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time.
Field Work Order A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the general or main contractor, site for services or materials.
Final Acceptance The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor when the owner deems the work completed in accordance with the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by the owner when making the final payment to the contractor.
Final Inspection A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owner?s authorized representative prior to issuing the final certificate for payment.
Final Payment The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid balance of the contract sum as adjusted by any approved change orders. (see Final Acceptance)
Finger joint A manufacturing process of interlocking two shorter pieces of wood end to end to create a longer piece of dimensional lumber or molding. Often used in jambs and casings and are normally painted (instead of stained).
Finish Carpentry The hanging of all interior doors, installation of door molding, base molding, chair rail, built in shelves, etc.
Finish Coat The last coat applied in plastering intended as a base for paint or further decorating. Finish coat usually consists of calcified gypsum, lime and sometimes an aggregate. Some may require the addition of lime or sand on the job. The three basic methods of applying it are (1) trowel (2) flat and (3) spray.
Finish Date The date that an activity or project is completed.
Finish Grade Any surface which has been cut to or built to the elevation indicated for that point. Surface elevation of lawn, driveway or other improved surfaces after completion of grading operations.
Fire brick or block Brick made of refractory ceramic material which will resist high temperatures. Used in a fireplace and boiler.
Fire retardant chemical A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
Fire stop A solid, tight closure of a concealed space, placed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through such a space. In a frame wall, this will usually consist of 2 by 4 cross blocking between studs. Work performed to slow the spread of fire and smoke in the walls and ceiling (behind the drywall). Includes stuffing wire holes in the top and bottom plates with insulation, and installing blocks of wood between the wall studs at the drop soffit line. This is integral to passing a Rough Frame inspection. See also 'Fire block'.
Fireplace chase flashing pan A large sheet of metal that is installed around and perpendicular to the fireplace flue pipe. It's purpose is to confine and limit the spread of fire and smoke to a small area.
Fire-resistive or Fire rated Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1 hour. Drywall used in the garage and party walls are to be fire rated, 5/8", Type X.
Fish tape A long strip of spring steel used for fishing cables and for pulling wires through conduit.
Fishplate (gusset) A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of two members together at a butt joint with nails or bolts. Sometimes used at the junction of opposite rafters near the ridge line. Sometimes called a gang nail plate.
Fixed Fee A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services; and contractors overhead and profit for all work being performed for a specific scope of work.
Fixed Limit of Construction Costs A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect or engineer for designing a specific project. (See Budget)
Fixed price contract A contract with a set price for the work. See Time and Materials Contract.
Fixed Rate Mortgage A loan where the initial payments are based on a certain interest rate for a stated period . The rate payable will not change during this period regardless of changes in the lender's standard variable rate.
Flagstone (flagging or flags) Flat stones (1 to 4 inches thick) used for walks, steps, floors, and vertical veneer (in lieu of brick).
Flakeboard A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing. Also called OSB or wafer board.
Flame retention burner An oil burner, designed to hold the flame near the nozzle surface. Generally the most efficient type for residential use.
Flash Point The critical temperature at which a material will ignite.
Flashing Weatherproof material installed between roof sheathing (or wall sheathing) and the finish materials to help keep moisture away from the sheathing.
Flashing Base The upturned edge of the watertight membrane formed at a roof termination point by the extension of the felts vertically over the cant strip and up the wall for a varying distance where they are secured with mechanical fasteners.
Flashing, Counter The formed metal secured to a wall, curb, or roof top unit to cover and protect the upper edge of a base flashing and its associated fasteners.
Flashing, Step Individual small pieces of metal flashing material used to flash around chimneys, dormers, and such projections along the slope of a roof. The individual pieces are overlapped and stepped up the vertical surface.
Flat mold Thin wood strips installed over the butt seam of cabinet skins.
Flat paint An interior paint that contains a high proportion of pigment and dries to a flat or lusterless finish.
Flat Seam A seam at the junction of sheet metal roof components that has been bent at the plane of the roof.
Flatwork Common word for concrete floors, driveways, basements, and sidewalks.
Fleet Averaging By using a point system, builders can show compliance with energy building requirements by using average figures for all air conditioning units in the same sub division.
Floating The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float or bull float.
Floating wall A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage slabs.
Floor Plan The basic layout of building or addition, which includes placement of walls, windows and doors as well as dimensions.
Flue Large pipe through which fumes escape from a gas water heater, furnace, or fireplace. Normally these flue pipes are double walled, galvanized sheet metal pipe and sometimes referred to as a "B Vent". Fireplace flue pipes are normally triple walled. In addition, nothing combustible shall be within one inch from the flue pipe.
Flue collar Round metal ring which fits around the heat flue pipe after the pipe passes out of the roof.
Flue damper An automatic door located in the flue that closes it off when the burner turns off; purpose is to reduce heat loss up the flue from the still-warm furnace or boiler.
Flue lining 2-foot lengths, fire clay or terra-cotta pipe (round or square) and usually madein all ordinary flue sizes. Used for the inner lining of chimneys with the brick or masonry work done around the outside. Flue linings in chimneys runs from one foot below the flue connection to the top of the chimney.
Fluorescent lighting A fluorescent lamp is a gas-filled glass tube with a phosphur coating on the inside. Gas inside the tube is ionized by electricity which causes the phosphur coating to glow. Normally with two pins that extend from each end.
Fly rafters End rafters of the gable overhang supported by roof sheathing and lookouts.
Folded Seam In sheet metal work, a joint between sheets of metal wherein the edges of the sheets are crimped together and folded flat.
Footer, footing Continuous 8" or 10" thick concrete pad installed before and supports the foundation wall or monopost.
Forced air heating A common form of heating with natural gas, propane, oil or electricity as a fuel. Air is heated in the furnace and distributed through a set of metal ducts to various areas of the house.
Form Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.
Foundation The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Foundation ties Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in place during the concrete pour.
Foundation waterproofing High-quality below-grade moisture protection. Used for below-grade exterior concrete and masonry wall damp-proofing to seal out moisture and prevent corrosion. Normally looks like black tar
Frame Inspection The act of inspecting the home's structural integrity and it's complianceto local municipal codes.
Framer The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and erects the frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking, installs all beams, stairs, soffits and all work related to the wood structure of the home. The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations.
Framing Lumber used for the structural members of a building, such as studs, joists, and rafters.
Frieze In house construction a horizontal member connecting the top of the siding with the soffit of the cornice.
Frost lid Round metal lid that is installed on a water meter pit.
Frost line The depth of frost penetration in soil and/or the depth at which the earth will freeze and swell. This depth varies in different parts of the country.
Fully Adhered A completely attached (adhered) roof membrane.
Furring strips Strips of wood, often 1 X 2 and used to shim out and provide a level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling.
Fuse A device often found in older homes designed to prevent overloads in electrical lines. This protects against fire. See also 'circuit breakers'.
Gable The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Galvanize To coat a metal with zinc by dipping it in molten zinc after cleaning.
Gambrel Roof A type of roof which has its slope broken by an obtuse angle, so that the lower slope is steeper than the upper slope. A double sloped roof having two pitches.
Gang nail plate A steel plate attached to both sides at each joint of a truss. Sometimes called a fishplate or gussett.
Gantt Chart The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and finish dates, critical and non-critical activities, slack time, and predecessor relationships.
Gas lateral The trench or area in the yard where the gas line service is located, or the work of installing the gas service to a home.
Gate valve A valve that lets you completely stop?but not modulate?the flow within a pipe.
Gauge The thickness of sheet metal and wire, etc.
General Conditions A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner stipulating the contractor?s minimum acceptable performance requirements including the rights, responsibilities and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. General conditions are usually included in the book of specifications but are sometimes found in the architectural drawings.
General Contractor A contractor responsible for all facets of construction of a building or renovation.
General Contractor A contractor who enters into a contract with the owner of a project for the construction of the project and who takes full responsibility for its completion, although the contractor may enter into subcontracts with others for the performance of specific parts or phases of the project.  
GFCI, or GFI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter- an ultra sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button on the plug.
GFRC Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete; Material used in wall systems that resembles but generally does not perform as well as concrete. Usually a thin cementitious material laminated to plywood or other lightweight backing.
Girder A main beam upon which floor joists rest, usually made of steel or wood.
Glazing The process of installing glass, which commonly is secured with glazier's points and glazing compound.
Globe valve A valve that lets you adjust the flow of water to any rate between fully on and fully off. Also see gate valve.
Gloss enamel A finishing paint material. Forms a hard coating with maximum smoothness of surface and dries to a sheen or luster (gloss)
Glued Laminated Beam (Glulam) A structural beam composed of wood laminations or lams. The lams are pressure bonded with adhesives to attain a typical thickness of 1 ½" . (It looks like 5 or more 2 X 4's are glued together).
Grade Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of wood.
Grade beam A foundation wall that is poured @ level with or just below the grade of theearth. An example is the area where the 8' or 16' overhead garage door "block out" is located, or a lower (walk out basement) foundation wall is poured
Grade Mw Moderate Weather grade of brick for moderate resistance to freezing used, for example, in planters.
Grade Sw Severe Weather grade of brick intended for use where high resistance to freezing is desired.
Grading permit Authorization to change the contour of the land.
Graduated Payment Mortgage (GPM) A fixed rate, fixed schedule loan. It starts with lower payments than a level payment loan; payments rise annually, with the entire increase being used to reduce the outstanding balance. The increase in payments may enable the borrower to pay off a 30-year loan in 15 to 20 years, or less
Grain The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood.
Granules The mineral particles of a graded size which are embedded in the asphalt coating of shingles and roofing.
Grid The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed. Also the decorative slats (munton) installed between glass panels.
Ground Refers to electricity's habit of seeking the shortest route to earth. Neutral wires carry it there in all circuits. An additional grounding wire or the sheathing of the metal clad cable or conduit?protects against shock if the neutral leg is interrupted.
Ground fault Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI) an ultra sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button on the plug.
Ground iron The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath the basement floor. Cast iron was once used, but black plastic pipe (ABS) is now widely used.
Grounding Rod Rod used to ground an electrical panel.
Groundwater Water from an aquifer or subsurface water source.
Grout Or Grouting A cement mortar mixture commonly used to fill joints and cavities of masonry.
Gunite A construction material composed of cement, sand or crushed slag and water mixed together and forced through a cement gun by pneumatic pressure, used in the construction of swimming pools.
Gusset A flat wood, plywood, or similar type member used to provide a connection at the intersection of wood members. Most commonly used at joints of wood trusses. They are fastened by nails, screws, bolts, or adhesives.
Gutter Metal trough at the eaves of a roof to carry rain water from the roof to the
Gutter Strap Metal bands used to support the gutter.
Guy Wire A strong steel wire or cable strung from an anchor on the roof to any tall slender projection for the purpose of support.
Gypsum See Drywall
Gypsum Keene Cement Material used to obtain a smooth finish coat of plaster, for use over gypsum plastic base coats only and in areas not subject to moisture. It is the hardest plaster.